Bakarwal breed largely found in Himalayan Range of Pakistan (Kashmir and Northern Areas) and India (Mostly in Pir Panjal Range) is a unique and independent breed which is famous in this region for it’s live stock guarding instincts along with loyalty, ferociousness, strength, sturdiness and many other attributes associated with this breed.
Bakarwal | Kashmir Mastiff | Ladakhi | Aksaya | Gujjar Watchdog
1. Introduction
Breed Name: Bakarwal | Kashmir Mastiff | Ladakhi | Aksaya | Gujjar Watchdog
Overview: The Bakarwal Dog is a loyal, intelligent, and resilient breed that excels as both a guardian and companion. With proper care, training, and socialisation, these dogs can thrive and bring immense joy and security to their families.
2. History and Origin of the Bakarwal Dog Breed
The Bakarwal Dog, also known as the Bakarwal Mastiff or Gujjar Watchdog, boasts a rich history deeply intertwined with the culture and traditions of the Bakarwal and Gujjar tribes in the Himalayan regions of Pakistan and India. These dogs have played a crucial role in the pastoral lifestyle of these nomadic communities for centuries.
Ancient Origins
The exact origins of the Bakarwal Dog are somewhat shrouded in mystery, but they are believed to be an ancient breed, possibly dating back over a thousand years. The breed likely developed from a mix of indigenous herding dogs and mastiff-type dogs introduced to the region through trade and migration routes.
Development and Purpose
The Bakarwal Dog was specifically bred by the Bakarwal and Gujjar tribes, who are traditionally nomadic pastoralists. These tribes move with their flocks of sheep and goats across the challenging terrains of the Himalayas, requiring a robust, reliable, and fearless dog to protect their livestock from predators such as wolves, leopards, and bears.
The primary role of the Bakarwal Dog has always been that of a guardian. Their innate protective instincts, combined with their physical strength and endurance, made them indispensable to the survival of the nomadic tribes and their animals. These dogs were also valued for their loyalty and companionship, forming strong bonds with their human families.
Cultural Significance
Beyond their practical use, Bakarwal Dogs hold significant cultural importance for the Bakarwal and Gujjar tribes. They are often regarded with great respect and are considered members of the family. The dogs' ability to adapt to the harsh climatic conditions of the Himalayas and their unwavering dedication to their duties are a testament to their resilience and hardiness.
Modern Challenges
In recent times, the Bakarwal Dog has faced numerous challenges, including a declining population and threats to their traditional way of life. The encroachment of modern development, changes in pastoral practices, and lack of recognition have all contributed to the breed's endangered status.
Conservation Efforts
Recognizing the importance of preserving this unique breed, various conservation efforts have been initiated. These include breeding programs aimed at maintaining genetic diversity, raising awareness about the breed’s cultural and historical significance, and supporting the traditional lifestyles of the Bakarwal and Gujjar tribes to ensure that these dogs can continue to thrive in their natural environment.
Conclusion:
The Bakarwal Dog is more than just a breed; it is a living symbol of the resilience and adaptability of the Bakarwal and Gujjar tribes. Their history and origin are deeply rooted in the rugged landscapes of the Himalayas, where they have served as loyal protectors and companions for centuries. By understanding and appreciating their past, we can better support efforts to preserve this remarkable breed for future generations.
3. Physical Characteristics
Phenotype and Genotype of Bakarwal Dogs
Understanding the phenotype and genotype of Bakarwal Dogs provides insights into their physical characteristics and genetic makeup. This information is crucial for breeders, veterinarians, and dog enthusiasts who are dedicated to preserving and promoting the breed.
Phenotype:
The phenotype of a Bakarwal Dog refers to its observable physical characteristics and traits, which are influenced by both genetics and the environment.
Size and Build:
Height: Males typically stand between 24-30 inches at the shoulder, while females are slightly smaller.
Weight: Males generally weigh between 35-45 kg depending upon different factors, with females being a bit lighter.
Build: Bakarwal Dogs have a sturdy frame and muscular build, suited for their role as guardians in rugged terrains.
Coat:
Type: They have a thick double coat, which provides insulation against harsh climatic conditions.
Texture: The outer coat is coarse and dense, while the undercoat is softer and provides warmth.
Color: The coat is often black, tan, red, fawn, pied, sable, white, or brindle.
Head and Face:
Skull: The skull is broad and strong, reflecting their power and endurance.
Eyes: Their eyes are usually dark and almond-shaped, conveying an alert and intelligent expression.
Ears: Ears are medium-sized, hanging close to the head.
Tail:
Shape: The tail is bushy and typically carried high or in a slight curl over the back.
Behavioural Traits:
Temperament: Loyal, protective, and intelligent. They exhibit a strong guarding instinct.
Energy Level: High energy and stamina, requiring ample exercise and mental stimulation.
Genotype:
The genotype of a Bakarwal Dog refers to its genetic makeup, which determines its hereditary traits.
Genetic Diversity:
The Bakarwal Dog is considered a landrace breed, meaning it has developed naturally over centuries with minimal human intervention. This has led to a relatively diverse gene pool compared to more selectively bred dogs.
Health-Related Genes:
Common Health Issues: While generally robust, Bakarwal Dogs may be prone to certain genetic health issues such as hip dysplasia and heart conditions. Genetic testing can help identify carriers of these conditions.
Screening: Responsible breeders often use genetic screening to minimize the risk of passing on hereditary conditions.
Coat Colour Genes:
The genes responsible for coat colour in Bakarwal Dogs follow basic Mendelian inheritance. Variations in colour can be attributed to the interaction of multiple genes that influence pigmentation.
Primary Genes: Genes such as the Agouti gene (A locus), Extension gene (E locus), and the K locus play a significant role in determining coat colour and patterns.
Behavioural Genes:
Genetic factors also influence the behavioural traits of Bakarwal Dogs, including their protective instincts and temperament. These traits have been naturally selected for their roles as livestock guardians.
Adaptation Genes:
The genotype of Bakarwal Dogs includes genes that have enabled them to adapt to the harsh environmental conditions of the Himalayan region. These adaptations include a thick double coat for insulation and a robust immune system to handle various environmental challenges.
Conclusion:
The phenotype of Bakarwal Dogs encompasses their physical appearance and observable traits, while the genotype includes the genetic information that determines these characteristics. Understanding both aspects is essential for the preservation and responsible breeding of this ancient and resilient breed. By appreciating the interplay between genotype and phenotype, breeders and caretakers can ensure the health, vitality, and longevity of Bakarwal Dogs.
Cephalic Index of the Bakarwal Dog
The cephalic index is a measure used to classify the shape of an animal's head, calculated as the ratio of the width of the head to its length, multiplied by 100. It helps in categorizing head shapes into three main types: dolichocephalic (long-headed), mesocephalic (medium-headed), and brachycephalic (short-headed).
For the Bakarwal Dog, a breed known for its robust and strong head structure, the cephalic index would typically place it in the mesocephalic category. Here's a detailed look at this measurement for the Bakarwal Dog:
Cephalic Index of the Bakarwal Dog
Measurement Process:
Head Width: Measure the widest part of the head, typically across the cheekbones.
Head Length: Measure from the tip of the nose to the back of the head (the occipital bone).
Calculation: Cephalic Index=(Head Width/Head Length)×100
Typical Cephalic Index Range:
For Bakarwal Dogs, the cephalic index generally falls into the mesocephalic range. While exact measurements can vary between individual dogs, a typical range for mesocephalic breeds is between 75 and 85.
Example Calculation:
If a Bakarwal Dog has a head width of 15 cm and a head length of 20 cm: Cephalic Index=(15 cm/20 cm)×100=75
Interpretation:
Dolichocephalic (Long-Headed): Cephalic Index less than 75.
Mesocephalic (Medium-Headed): Cephalic Index between 75 and 85.
Brachycephalic (Short-Headed): Cephalic Index greater than 85.
Characteristics of Mesocephalic Dogs:
Balanced Head Shape: Neither excessively long nor short.
Functional Anatomy: Often associated with fewer breathing issues compared to brachycephalic breeds and less prone to the extreme elongation of the skull seen in dolichocephalic breeds.
Versatile Functionality: Suitable for a variety of tasks, including guarding, herding, and companionship.
Conclusion:
The Bakarwal Dog’s cephalic index typically places it within the mesocephalic category, reflecting a balanced head shape that complements its role as a guardian and working dog in the challenging terrains of the Himalayan region. This head structure supports the breed's physical robustness and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions.
4. Temperament and Personality
Loyalty: Bakarwal Dogs are exceptionally loyal and form deep bonds with their human families.
Protectiveness: They are instinctively protective of their territory and loved ones, making them vigilant guardians.
Gentleness: Despite their protective instincts, these dogs are gentle and affectionate with family members, especially children.
Independence: They exhibit a degree of independence due to their history of working autonomously in remote regions.
Behaviour with Other Pets: They form an inner circle with the pets they grow up with and then they also form an outer circle where any unknown animal is not welcomed and dealt with aggression.
5. Health and Lifespan
Common Health Issues: Generally healthy, but can be prone to hip dysplasia and certain heart conditions. Regular veterinary check-ups are recommended.
Preventative Care: They are prone to hip dysplasia which can occur even in second or third month, so it’s very important that puppy parents use supplements like Folrex (https://www.catalysispet.es/en/folrex-pets-2/)
Lifespan: The average lifespan is 10-12 years.
6. Grooming and Care
Grooming Needs: Requires regular brushing to maintain their thick coat, especially during shedding seasons which always starts in summer. It is very important to brush daily during shedding season to keep the coat and skin healthy. Occasional baths and nail trimming are also necessary.
Exercise Needs: These dogs need plenty of exercise and thrive in environments where they can roam and guard.
7. Diet and Nutrition for Bakarwal Dogs
Proper diet and nutrition are crucial for maintaining the health and well-being of Bakarwal Dogs. Given their robust and active nature, these dogs require a balanced diet that supports their energy needs, muscle maintenance, and overall health. Here are some key considerations for feeding Bakarwal Dogs:
Basic Dietary Needs
High-Quality Protein:
Sources: Lean meats such as chicken, beef, lamb, and fish.
Importance: Protein is essential for muscle development, repair, and overall growth. It helps sustain their active lifestyle and supports their immune system.
Fats:
Sources: Fish oil, flaxseed oil, and animal fats.
Importance: Healthy fats provide a concentrated source of energy and are important for maintaining healthy skin and a shiny coat. Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids also support joint health.
Carbohydrates:
Sources: Brown rice, sweet potatoes, barley, and oats.
Importance: Carbohydrates supply energy and fiber, aiding in digestion and maintaining consistent energy levels.
Vitamins and Minerals:
Sources: Vegetables like carrots, spinach, and peas, as well as fruits like apples and blueberries.
Importance: Essential vitamins (A, D, E, K, B-complex) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium) support various bodily functions, including bone health, immune response, and metabolic processes.
Water:
Importance: Fresh, clean water should be available at all times. Hydration is crucial, especially for active dogs.
Feeding Guidelines
Puppies:
Frequency: 3-4 times a day.
Portion Size: Small, frequent meals to support their rapid growth and high energy levels.
Nutritional Needs: Puppy-specific formulas rich in protein and calories to support growth and development.
Adults:
Frequency: 2 times a day.
Portion Size: Balanced portions that match their activity level.
Nutritional Needs: A balanced diet with a proper mix of protein, fats, and carbohydrates. Adult dog food formulas that cater to their size and energy needs.
Seniors:
Frequency: 2 times a day.
Portion Size: Adjusted to maintain a healthy weight.
Nutritional Needs: Senior-specific formulas that are lower in calories but still provide adequate protein and fiber. Supplements for joint health, such as glucosamine and chondroitin, can be beneficial.
Special Considerations
Exercise Level:
Bakarwal Dogs are highly active and require a diet that matches their energy expenditure. Adjust portions and feeding frequency based on their daily activity levels.
Weight Management:
Monitor their weight regularly to prevent obesity, which can lead to joint issues and other health problems. Adjust their diet as needed to maintain a healthy weight.
Avoid Harmful Foods:
Certain foods, such as chocolate, grapes, onions, and garlic, are toxic to dogs and should be strictly avoided.
Treats and Supplements:
Use treats in moderation and ensure they are healthy and nutritious. Supplements, such as fish oil for coat health or joint supplements, can be added as needed, preferably under veterinary guidance.
Fresh and Natural Foods:
Consider incorporating fresh and natural foods into their diet, such as lean meats, vegetables, and fruits, to provide a variety of nutrients and keep their meals interesting.
Consultation with a Veterinarian
Regular consultations with a veterinarian are essential to tailor the diet to the specific needs of the Bakarwal Dog. The vet can provide personalized recommendations based on age, health status, activity level, and any specific dietary requirements or restrictions.
By providing a balanced and nutritious diet, Bakarwal Dogs can maintain their strength, vitality, and overall health, allowing them to lead active and fulfilling lives.
8. Training and Socialisation
Trainability: Bakarwal Dogs are intelligent and trainable but can be independent. Consistent and positive training methods work best.
Socialisation: Early and regular socialisation is crucial to ensure they are well-adjusted and can interact well with others.
9. Suitability as a Pet
Living Environment: Best suited for homes with large yards or rural settings where they can have plenty of space.
Family Suitability: Ideal for active families who understand the breed’s needs and can provide proper training and socialisation.
Special Considerations: Potential owners should be prepared for their protective instincts and exercise needs.
10. Conclusion
The Bakarwal Dog is a loyal, intelligent, and resilient breed that makes an excellent guardian and companion for those who can meet their needs. With proper care, training, and socialisation, these dogs can thrive and bring immense joy to their families.